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Maaraynta khatarta ganacsiga

(business risk management):

 

(London,  April 29,  2011 Ceegaag Online)

 

Kelmada Maaraynta khatarta ganacsiga (business risk management) waxaa aynu ku qeexi karaa waa ogaanshaha, baarida, mudnaan siinta, yaraynta khatar soo food saarta shirkadd ama qof iyadoo la dooranaayo waddada ugu badbaadada fiican, uguna saxsan ama ugu dhaw. Waxaa kale oo la oran karaa waa ka feejignaanta wax dhici raba ayadoo la qaadayo talaabadii ku habboon.

Shirkadd kasta amaba qofkastaa waa uu la kulmaa khatar, khataraha qaar kood waa la saadaalin karaa waana la maarayn karaa laakiin qaar kood ayaa si kadis ah ku dhaca lana maarayn karin. Maanta adduunka shirkaddo ayaa lagu baabiin karaa muddo daqiiqado ah, waxaana dhaca in ay jiraan weeraro dhinaca computers ah. Khataraha (risks) waxaa ay ka imaan karaan meelo aan la hubin oo kala duwan sida badeeco ama adeeg cusub oo markaa lasoo saaro, tuuganimo, dab ka kacay goob, sarifka oo is bedela (exchange rate), dhaqaalaha oo isbedela, dhinacyada deymaha oo culays ka yimaado, sharciyadda dawladdaha oo is bedela, waxyaalo si dabiici ah u dhaca (natural disaster) iwm.

Xeeladaha maaraynta khataraha (risk management strategy) waxaa dejiya gudida fulinta ee shirkadda. Gudidan oo ah gudida u saraysa shirkadda waxaa ay kulmayaan wiigiiba hal mar si ay uga wada hadlaan waxa soo kordhay, meelaha u baahan in xooga la saaro iyo shaqada u baahan in lagu dhiirado oo khatarta la qaato (risk). Badanaa shirkaddah soomalida kum baraarugsana  faaiidooyinka ay leedahay nidaamka loo maareeyo khatartu. Waxaase u baahan in la ogaado in  muddo yar ay ku baaba’een shirkaddo waaweyn oo soo jiray in kabadan 150 sanno sida Lehman Brothers oo ahaa Bank afraad ee ugu weyn USA dhinaca maalhelinta iyo Drexel Burnham Lambert oo ahaa bank 5aad ee ugu weyn dhinaca maalgashiga USA soona jiray muddo 55 sanno ah. Shirkaddu inta ay doontaba hasoo jirto waxaa suurto gal ah in ay la kulanto meelo ay kasoo noqon kari weydo.

Xeeladaha lagu maareeyo khatarta waxaa ka mid ah in khatartii loo wareejiyo meel kale, ka hortag la sameeyo, yarayn la yareeyo khatarta dhibka ay keeni karto iyo in mararka qaarkood loo diyaar garoobo wax wal oo ka imaan kara khatar. Marka la samaynaayo maaraynta khatar jirta ama soo socota waxaa muhiim ah in la maareeyo meelaha khasaaraha ugu weyni uu ka dhici karo amaba ku dhici karo. Waxaana muhiim ah in ay shirkaddu yeelato nidaam qoran oo la raacayo (risk management principles) haddiiba ay khatari soo food saarto shirkadda.

Haddii ay shirkaddu tahay shirkadd yar waxay u baahan tahay in loo sameeyo maareeyaha wixii khatar ah ee dhici kara (risk management manager) kaas oo shaqadiisu tahay in uu saadaaliyo, ka hortago, wixii khatar ah ee imaan kar. haddiise ay shirkaddu tahay shirkadd balaaran waxay u baahan tahay in la sameeyo gudi lagu magacaabo gudida maaraynta khataraha (risk management committee) taaso oo ay ku jiraan dhamaan shaqaalaha oo dhami. Waa in ay shirkaddu leedaha xeelad ay ku maamulayso wixii khatar ah ee soo food saara (risk management strategy), tusaale ahaan haddiiba uu dhaco aafo ama masiibo (disaster) yaa marka ugu horaysaba lala xiriirayaa, sidee loola xiriirayaa ama loola macaamilaya xiriirka dibadda (public relations), sidee loo qancinayaa macaamiisha iyo dadka maal gashiga sameeyay (investors). Waa in uu jiraa hal qof oo asagu la hadlaaya ama la xiriiraya dadweynaha iyo warbaahinta.

Waa in gudidaa ama qofkaa loo xil saaray maaraynta wixii khatar ah ee yimaadaa uu si fiican dib u baaraa dhismaha iyo goobta ay shirkaddu degan tahay, dhaqaalaha iyo sida shirkaddu u niddaamiso, qalabka shirkadda u yaala, macaamiisha oo la waraysto ayadoo shaqaalaha iyo macaamiishaba la weydiinaayo haddiiba ay jiraan wax qaldani.

Ujeedooyinka maaraynta khataraha (Risk management objectives):

Ujeedada koowaad ee  maaraynta khatartu (risk management) waa in la yareeyo khatar dhacday ama soo socota iyo in la qaado talaabooyin lagaga hortagaayo laguna xalinaayo dhibaato soo socota ama dhibaato u timi si lama filaan ah. Faaiidada labaad waa in dadka maalgashaday shirkaddani ay ogaadaan khataraha ku imaan kara shirkadda. Waxaa jira meelo u baahan in xooga la saaro si loo maareeyo khatarta soo food saari karta ganacsiga:

·         In la sameeyo maamul si buuxda uga warhaya, og, la socda hadda iyo mustaqbalka khataraha imaan kara.

·         In la ilaaliyo hantida shirkadda iyo samcadeedaba.

·         In la kobciyo heerka wax qabad ee shirkadda iyo qiimaaha hantiilayaasha (shareholders).

·         In la kordhiyo tayaynta qalabka shirkadda.

·         In la xoogeeyo ujeedooyinka xeeladeed ee la higsanaayo (strategic goals).

·         In la hubiyo in loo hogaansamay sharciyaddi loo baahnaa.

·         In la hubiyo shaqaalaha iyo dadka kale ee hantiilayaasha ahi in ay qayb ka yihiin maaraynta khataraha.

Hayadaha maaliyaddu waxaa ay u qaybiyeen wadooyinka loo maareeyo khataraha dhawr dariiqo:

·         In la aqoon sado khatarta (risk identification)

·         In la baaro khatarta (analyse risk)

·         In la khafiifiyo khatarta (risk mitigation)

·         In la qiimeeyo khatarta (evaluate risk)

·         In khatarta laga war bixiyo (risk reporting)

Saddexda nooc ee ugu mhuiimsan si loo sameeyo baaritaan khatar:

·         in la ogaado khatarta (risk identification): in la ogaado maxaa khatar noqon kara, xagayse ka imaan kartaa, in la qeexo nooca khatarta kedibna la qoro laga wada hadlo loona diyaar garoobo.

·         In la qiyaaso khatarta (risk measurement): in la go’aamiyo raadka ay khatartaasi yeelan karto amaba reebi karto kedibna la yareeyo saamaynta ay yeelan karto haddiiba ay timaado khatartaasi.

·         In ahmiyad lakala siiyo khataraha (risk prioritization): in la go’aamiyo talaabooyinka sida loo kala qaadayo haddiiba ay timaado khatari si loo maareeyo khatartaa.

Noocyadda khataraha ganacsiga (types of business risk):

·         Khatarta suuqa (market risk): Khatarta suuqu waa khatarta kasoo baxda isbedbedelka xaga suuqa (fluctuation)  sida sixirka alaabta, sarifka, tartamayaasha, dhaqaalaha, iibka iwm.

·         Khatarta sharciga (legal risks): waa khatar ka timaada dhinaca sharciyadda lakala qortay oo shirkad ama qofkii kale uu jabiyay ama ka baxay.

·         Khatarta deynta (credit risk): arintani waxaa ay dhacdaa marka ay macaamiishu bixin waayaan deymihii lagu lahaa ama shirkaddu bixin kari weydo daymo lagu lahaa.

·         Khatarta hawl wadeenadda (operational risk): waa khatarta ka timaada in la waayo amaba ay ku filaan wayaan wixii wax lagu soo saari lahaa ha noqoto qalab amaba shaqaale iyo ayadoo la xado alaab muhiim ah sida Data iwm amaba uu shaqadda ka tago qof aan laga maarmaynin.

·         Khatarta Sumcadda (reputational risk): khatarta soo gaarta sumacadda shirkadda ama qofku waa ayadoo uu magaaladda war aan fiicnayni u galo kedibna kalsooni daraani ay ku dhacdo shirkadda.

·         Khatarta dhinaca siyaasadda (political risk): waa khatarta ka timaada ayadoo nidaamka wax laga badelo sida sharcigii ay shirkaddu ku shaqayn lahayd oo laga qaado amaba loo cusboonaysaiin waayo, dagaalo qarxa, cashuurta oo la kordhiyo amaba badeeco ama adeegii ay shirkaddu lahayd oo la mamnuuco.

Faaiidooyinka maaraynta khataraha (benefits of risk management):

 

·         In la kordhiyo ogaanshaha khatarta imaan karta.

·         Waxa ay yaraynaysaa kharashkii ku bixi lahaa dhibaato weyn oo dhacda.

·         In la sameeyo maamul wada shaqayn kara (effective management).

·         Waxay keenaysaa in loo diyaar garoobo xisaab hubin ama hanti dhawrka (auditing).

·         In xooga la saaro meelaha gaarka ah ee khatari ka imaan karto (focus on key areas).

·         In la yareeyo loona diyaar garoobo wixii imaan kara.

·         Waxay miisamaysaa khasaaraha iyo faaiidada.

·         In gudaha si fiican shaqadda loo guto.

·         In haddiiba dhib dhaco si fiican loo xalin karo.

·         In la sameeyo nidaam la raacayo haddiiba uu dhib dhaco.

Lasoco casharka kan xiga wiiga dambe haddii ALLAAH yiraa.

Mustafe Ibraahim

mustaf1970@hotmail.co.uk

             

                                                                              

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